La creativite : utopie ou realite sociale?
Institution:
Paris 7Disciplines:
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Abstract EN:
The term "creativity" has emerged in a hyper-technicalized society under constant changes. This notion thus appeared as an answer to multiple political, economic and technical requirements as well as a social and cultural demand. Creativity was first studied by the american psychologists who invented this term. It was introduced twenty years later in europe, and more particularly in france, where its meaning has been confused with invention, discovery, creation, imagination ; it is, in fact, fundamental to define its precise sense to give it back its concrete meaning in the social context. The european definitions, influenced by american research, underline the concepts of divergence, originality and combinatory and associative process. The study of scientists and artists (aptitudes, attitudes and behavior) has shown the existence of fundamental features and motivations leading to creative expression, all of them to be found in creative individuals in various proportions according to their personalities and the socio-cultural context, and generating unequal creativity levels. Apart from the genetic inheritance, the family, cultural, social and physical environment factors interacting upon the personality development, condition the rise of creative potentialities and experiences. Taking into account the field covered by the notion of creativity, creativityprompting group techniques and experimental pedagogical methods have been set up. Their aim is to prompt specific aptitudes and mental processes. However, in the midst of the basic contradiction of a society in which, on the one hand, new values -including creativity- are emerging, and on the other hand, the values belonging to traditional systems are being maintained, creativity, without being an utopia, does not appear to be a social factor.
Abstract FR:
Le vocable "creativite" a fait irruption dans une civilisation hyper-technicisee en mutations constantes ou sa notion est alors apparue comme reponse a de multiples exigences politiques, economiques, techniques, et comme revendication sociale et culturelle. D'abord objet de recherches des psychologues americains qui furent a l'origine de la parution de ce terme, la creativite a ete ensuite introduite en europe vingt ans plus tard et notamment en france ou sa notion, vulgarisee, a ete confondue avec invention, decouverte, creation, imagination, et dont il est primordial de la dissocier afin qu'elle recouvre sa signification concrete dans la conjoncture sociale. Les definitions europeennes influencees par les travaux americains soulignent l'idee de restructuration, de reorganisation des donnees sous une forme nouvelle, l'idee de divergence, d'originalite et la mise en jeu de processus combinatoires et associatifs. L'etude de savants et d'artistes fait apparaitre des traits fondamentaux (aptitudes, attitudes et comportements) et des motivations a l'origine des manifestations creatives et creatrices, communs a tous les individus creatifs mais en intensites variables selon la personnalite de l'individu et les circonstances socio-culturelles dans lesquelles il evolue, ces differentes intensites conduisant a des degres de creativite inegaux. Outre l'heritage genetique, les facteurs de l'environnement familial, culturel, social et physique, agissant en interaction sur la formation de la personnalite tout entiere, conditionnent l'eveil des potentialites creatives ainsi que les experiences creatives et creatrices. Compte-tenu de ce qu'integre la notion de creativite, ont ete elaborees des techniques d'incitation a la creativite en groupe et des methodes pedagogiques experimentales dont l'objectif est de solliciter des aptitudes et des processus mentaux specifiques. Mais, au sein de la contradiction fondamentale d'une societe dans laquelle, d'une part, se dessinent des valeurs nouvelles comprenant la creativite comme atout capital, d'autre part se maintiennent les valeurs issues de systemes traditionalistes, la creativite, sans etre utopie, n'est pas une realite sociale.