Les débuts de la communication à trois
Institution:
Paris 5Disciplines:
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Abstract EN:
Because infants live in a multi-person world, schaffer (1984) suggested that they should develop skills specific to relate not only to particular individuals in a dyad but also to deal with several people simultaneously. We postulated that during the second year of life, polyadic processes should be ensured by the infants' abilities, acquired in the first year of life, to initiate joint activity, to inter-relate different inficiduals by "social referencing", "awareness" and "understanding" of other people. 90 toddlers of 11, 16 and 23 months were observed in adult-toddler-toddler experimental triads : 60 toddlers were familiar peers and 30 were twins. Our results show that triadic interchanges occur during the second year. These interchanges are caracterized by social behaviors directed simultaneously to two persons immediately followed by responses equally directed to 2 other partners. We present evidence indicating the use of another form of triadic communication at 23 months : changes of partner implying the three individuals succeed within a dyadic tempo of 6 seconds. We observed that polyadic communicative skills are similarly used by familiar peers and twin pairs. Our findings show that 23 months old twins use verbal utterances far more frequently to adress themselves simultaneously to two partners.
Abstract FR:
Selon schaffer (1984), le progres decisif dans le developpement de la communication n'est pas la capacite d'interagir en dyade mais la capacite a agir sur des interactions en polyade. Nous avons fait l'hypothese que c'est au cours de la deuxieme annee que l'enfant accede aux debuts de la communication a trois. Certaines acquisitions cognitives de la premiere annee sont necessaires : l'attention conjointe, le social understanding pour prendre en compte la multiplicite des cibles et la referenciation sociale pour tenir compte de la mutiplicite des sources. 90 enfants de la deuxieme annee, dont 60 familiers et 30 jumeaux, ont ete observes experimentalement en triade adulte-enfant-enfant. Nous avons pu valider notre hypothese selon laquelle un schema de communication triadique se met en place pendant la deuxieme annee. Celui-ci est constitue par la synchronisation d'une emission simultanement adressee vers deux partenaires et d'une reponse qui prend en compte et gere aussi la multiplicite des sources. Par ailleurs, a 23 mois, des changements de partenaires, impliquant les trois individus de la triade, selon un tempo de l'ordre de l'interaction dyadique, donnent la mesure d'une dynamique interactive specifique a la triade. Et enfin, les processus mis en oeuvre dans la communication evoluent dans le meme sens et de facon parallele chez les enfants jumeaux et familiers.