Le desir dans la doctrine de jacques lacan : ses origines philosophiques et psychanalytiques ; ses implications ideologiques
Institution:
Paris 7Disciplines:
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Abstract EN:
By replacing the concept of libido by that of desire, j. Lacan sought to clarify the freudian doctrine by disposing of its energetic and quantitative metaphors. He conceptualizes desire in the homogeneous space of a linguisitic model which is the framework for freud's second topography according to a hegelian dialectic outline. However, he elaborates it by borrowing philosophical concepts (plato, aristotle, saint augustine, spinoza, kant, sade, hegel, heidegger, kojeve, sartre), which he thoroughly recasts in order to adapt them to his own theory, while challenging the alleged complementarity of desire and its predetermined object. Lacan disrupts the freudian theory by turning the other (the language, the symbolic) into the structuring order of the human subject. But he holds on to a double claim : if, for him, desire is ruled by the law of signifier, he still emphasizes the assertive power of the subject faced with any order or determinism, as an expression of a freedom which is denied to him by the very structure of the unconscious. Secretly inspired by g. Bataille's thinking, and although the latter discredits the language, lacan also sets up perverse, absolute desire as one of his theory's paradigm, while going beyond freud in linking desire and death to a tragic conception of human destiny and of the unconscious. Contrary to freud, he considers desire as a value by granting it an ontological and ethical dimension. He finds, in bataille's work, notions such as the impossible, mystical ecstasy, orgasm as loss, the object as waste, that he uses in his concept of the object as cause of desire, of reality as impossibility, of orgasm as deadly, of female sexual pleasure, in particular. Seeking a criterion to establish the distinction between desire and love, ultimately lacan accepts that love, the acting force in transference and the cure, permits to analyze desire but that psychoanalysis is unable to say anything about love. Another problem in addition to the one aknowledging the duality of desire which his analyzis, despite its complexity, fails to resolve entirely.
Abstract FR:
En remplacant le concept de libido par celui de desir, j. Lacan a cherche a clarifier la doctrine freudienne en la debarrassant de ses metaphores energetiques et quantitatives. Il pense le desir dans l'espace homogene d'un modele linguistique ou il inscrit la seconde topique de freud selon un schema dialectique hegelien. Cependant il l'enrichit d'emprunts a des conceptions philosophiques (platon, aristote, saint augustin, spinoza, kant, sade, hegel, heidegger, kojeve, sartre), auxquelles il impose de profonds remaniements aux fins de les ajuster a sa propre theorie, tout en recusant la pretendue complementarite entre le desir et un objet predetermine qui lui correspondrait. Lacan bouleverse la conception freudienne en faisant de l'autre (le langage, le symbolique), l'ordre structurant le sujet humain. Mais il maintient une double exigence : si, pour lui, le desir est aliene a la loi du signifiant, il ne renonce pas a exalter son pouvoir d'affirmation du sujet face a tout ordre ou determinisme, manifestation d'une liberte dont par ailleurs la structure de l'inconscient semble le priver. Inspire clandestinement par la pensee de g. Bataille, et bien que celui-ci discredite le langage, lacan erige, lui, aussi le desir pervers, souverain, absolu en un paradigme de sa theorie, et, plus que freud, lie le desir et la mort dans une conception tragique de la destinee humaine et de l'inconscient. Contrairement a freud, il fait du desir une valeur en lui accordant une portee ontologique et ethique. Il trouve chez bataille des notions - l'impossible, la jouissance mystique, la jouissance comme perte, l'objet comme dechet - qu'il exploite notamment dans sa conception de l'objet comme cause du desir, du reel comme impossible, de la jouissance comme mortifere, de la jouissance feminine. Cherchant un critere de distinction entre le desir et l'amour, lacan convient finalement que l'amour, ressort du transfert et de la cure, permet d'analyser le desir, mais que la psychanalyse ne peut rien dire de l'amour. Aporie qui s'ajoute a celle de la dualite du desir et que la richesse de sa pensee ne semble pas resoudre pleinement.