Les modèles internes opérants : construction, transmission et évolution
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Abstract EN:
The present study on attachment models of grand-parents, parents and three-year-old children was carried out on 35 families. Parents' attachment style was assessed by the "adult attachment interview" (george, main & kaplan, 1985). The editig (made for this study) and the camir autoquestionnaires (pierrehumbert et al. , 1997) were used to evaluate parents' and grand-parents' "declarative" semantic representations. Attachment models in children were assessed by the "story completion task" (bretherton et al. , 1990). Our results tend to show the existence of intergenerational transmission of attachment from mother to child but also from father to child at the age of three. Nevertheless, this transmission is not the same in both cases: while mothers transmit models based on interaction, fathers mostly transmit semantic models, probrably by the means of language. Fathers' reflective self capacity (fonagy, 1991) accentuate the effect of their own attachment security on their children's development. A ressemblance between a person's semantic representations and those of his/her parents has been noted in adults. In adulthood, it seems as though one possesses two separate semantic models of relationships, each one developped in reference to the model of each parent. Relationship models developped in adulthood (with spouse or children) would be based on the model one has of his/her mother, but not on that of the father. However, one would only have a single model of his/herself. It also seems that the choice of a partner depends on one's parents' representations (especially the father's) conjointly with one's own. The partner is also someone with whom the relationship with parents, as well as the relationship between parents can be reproduced.
Abstract FR:
La presente etude sur les modalites d'attachement des grands-parents, des parents et de leur enfant de trois ans a ete effectuee sur 35 familles. Le style d'attachement des parents a ete mesure a l'aide du "adult attachment interview" (george, main & kaplan, 1985). Les auto-questionnaires editig (construit pour ce travail) et camir (pierrehumbert et al. , 1996) ont permis d'evaluer les representations semantiques "declaratives" des parents et des grands-parents. Les modalites d'attachement des enfants ont ete reperees a l'aide de la "tache de completement d'histoires" (bretherton et al. , 1990). Nos resultats tendent a confirmer l'existence d'une transmission intergenerationnelle des modalites d'attachement de la mere a l'enfant, mais aussi du pere a l'enfant, observable a l'age de trois ans. Cette transmission n'est cependant pas la meme dans les deux cas: alors que la mere transmet a son enfant des modeles bases sur les interactions, le pere transmet surtout des modeles semantiques, principalement au moyen du langage. Par ailleurs, la capacite du soi reflexif (fonagy, 1991) du pere accentue l'effet de sa securite d'attachement sur l'enfant. A l'age adulte, on observe egalement une ressemblance entre les representations semantiques d'une personne et celles de ses parents. D'ailleurs, il apparait qu'a cet age, on dispose de deux modeles semantiques de relations, chacun construit en reference a un parent different. Les modeles de relations construits a l'age adulte (avec son conjoint, puis avec son enfant) decouleraient du modele de la mere, et non de celui du pere. Cependant, l'individu n'aurait qu'un seul modele de soi. Il a egalement ete montre que le choix du conjoint semble dependre en partie des representations semantiques de ses parents (en particulier de son pere) en plus des siennes propres. D'autre part, le conjoint est une personne avec laquelle la relation avec les parents, de meme que celle des parents entre eux peuvent etre reproduites.