Le problème de l'indépendance de l'Iran au XIXe siècle
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Aix-Marseille 3Disciplines:
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Abstract EN:
At the beginning of the 19th century, persia had to confront an aggression of the russians, who had invaded georgia, armenia and caucasia. The shah, who had not enough forces to ward off the russian danger, had to call for help to france. France had been hoping to establish an alliance with persia in order to counterbalance the strong british position in india. At this moment, tripartite rivality (between great britain, france and russia) threw the persian empire into a conflict which is the subject of this thesis. The first part concerns the great powers'violations of the territorial integrity of the shah's empire which led us to analyse the reasons for this rivality, its evolution during the 19th century and the disastrous wars which persia was obliged to engage in, against russia and the united kingdom. The persian defeat, sanctioned by unfair treaties had two important consequences: first persia was carved up to profit russians and the british empire in india. Secondly it opened the way for the political and economic interference of the great powers in the internal affairs of persia. Thus, the second part of our study attempts to examine the domestic situation of this country, the state of its institutions, its governments and their reform efforts. The analysis of these elements shows that during the 19th century persia, theoretically an independent and sovereign state, was, infact, under anglorussian condominion
Abstract FR:
A l'aube du xixe siecle, la perse, un empire decadent, dut faire face a l'agression de la russie qui envahit la georgie, l'armenie et le caucase. N'ayant pas la force necessaire pour parer au danger russe, le schah dut faire appel a la france. Or, celle-ci recherchait, de son cote, une alliance avec la perse pour mettre en danger les positions britanniques aux indes. A partir de ce moment, la rivalite tripartite franco-anglo-russe projette l'empire perse sur le devant d'un conflit que nous avons etudie dans cette these. La premiere partie ayant trait aux atteintes des grandes puissances quant a l'integrite territoriale de l'empire du schah, nous a conduit a analyser les causes de cette rivalite, son evolution au cours du xixe siecle et les guerres desastreuses que la perse, dut mener contre la russie et l'angleterre. Les echecs persans, sanctionnes par des traites inegaux, eurent pour consequences d'une part, le demembrement de la perse au profit de la russie et de l'empire britannique des indes; d'autre part, l'ouverture a l'ingerence politique et economique de ces grandes puissances dans les affaires interieures persanes. Ainsi, le deuxieme volet porte sur la situation interieure de ce pays, l'etat de ses institutions, ses gouvernements et leurs tentatives de reformes. L'analyse de ces elements demontre que la perse theoriquement etat souverain et independant, etait, en realite, au xixe siecle sous le condominium anglo-russe