Le processus de paix en Angola
Institution:
Paris 2Disciplines:
Directors:
Abstract EN:
The latest developments seem to point towards some acceleration in the national reconciliation process xhich has been so much hoped for yet always turned down. Years of savage and destructive war finally tired the belligerents who agreed to negociations with the four powers which are u. S. A. , angola, cuba and republic of south africa in may 1988. The parties solemnly signed two peace-agreements in new york in december 1988, putting an end to the "international conflict" in angola. One problem remained - finding a solution for the conflict within angola itself. Harsh bargaining between the mpla in power and the unita, under the mediation of zaire, finally led to the agreements of gbadolite, in 1989, but these short-lived. New negociations conducted by portugal in lisbon from 1990 ended by the signing of the bicesse agreement on may 31st, 1991. These paved the way for a democratic angola to come into existence with the end of general and presidential elections scheduled for 1992. Unfortunately, unita resumed hostilities after their poll defeat in order to gain power by force. Confrontation turned to the advantage of those in power. The rebels, after this total defeat, accepted to sign the lusaka agreements, thus establishing mpla supremacy in november 1994. Which structural and conjonctural reasons have forced the protagonists to open talks and sign peace-agreements ? were there any deciding interior or exterior factors after all ?
Abstract FR:
Les dernieres evolutions semblent indiquer une acceleration du processus de reconciliation nationale tant esperee et toujours repoussee. Des annees de guerre sauvage et destructrice finissent par lasser les belligerents qui entreprennent des negociations quadripartites -usa, angola, cuba et rsa- a londres en mai 1988. Les parties signent solennellement deux accords de paix a new york en decembre 1988, mettant fin au "conflit international" en angola. Restait a regler le conflit interangolais. Des rudes marchandages entre le mpla au pouvoir et l'unita, sous la mediation zairoise, aboutissent en juin 1988 aux accords de gbadolite demeures sans lendemain. De nouvelles negociations orchestrees par le portugal a lisbonne, a partir de 1990, se terminent par la signature des accords de bicesse le 31 mai 1991, qui posent les jalons d'un angola democratique aux termes d'elections legislatives et presidentielles prevues pour l'annee 1992. Malheureusement, l'unita reprend les hostilites apres sa defaite aux urnes pour tenter de conquerir le pouvoir par la force. La confrontation tourne a l'avantage du pouvoir en place. Totalement defaite, la rebellion accepte de signer les accords de lusaka qui consacrent la suprematie du mpla, en novembre 1994. Quelles sont les raisons conjoncturelles et structurelles qui ont contraint les protagonistes a engager des pourparlers et a conclure des accords de paix ? des facteurs internes et externes, lesquels ont ete determinants en derniere analyse ?