La politique francaise de cooperation avec les etats du maghreb (1955-1986)
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Abstract EN:
The analysis of the french policy of co-operation with the maghrebian states from 1955 to 1986, made taking into account the processes wich have a bearing on the choices of those in power, has revealed the existence of two strategies : the perpetuation of control and the shaping of co-operation according to each maghrebian state. The first strategy is the consequence of the conditions under wich the co-operation between the maghrebian states and france was set up. These conditions can be summed up as the granting of independance in return for "interdependance". Its carrying out implied the upholding of established positions and the creation of new instruments of domination. The second strategy was conceived especially to serve the aims of general de gaulle. It can be expressed as a contradictory proposition : france would effectively be bound to algeria by a privileged co-operation and to its eastern and western neighbours by a subsidiary co-operation. From 1969 on, these two strategies were altered owing to intervening changes affecting the french internal situation (questioning of the co-operation and the recession) as well as its international environment (perturbation of the maghrebian context and the third world demands on developed countries). A twofold orientation resulted from this : the first one is positive and it relates to the progressive disappearance of the substitution links, to the abandon of the ostracism imposed on morocco and tunisia and to the adoption of a co-operation more respectful of the sovereignty of the maghrebian states and more adapted to their development. The second one is negative and concerns the restrictive policy adopted toward the maghrebian partners (aid reduction, trade restrictions and the stopping of immigration), to the maintaining of cultural imbalance and to the renunciation of its privileged links with algiers reflected by the "banalization" of the co-operation between the two countries under the presidencies of g. Pompidou and v. G. D'estaing and by the rapid cooling of the franco-algerian "mutual attraction" at the time the left wing took power in france in may 1981.
Abstract FR:
L'analyse de la politique francaise de cooperation avec les etats du maghreb de 1955 a 1986, menee compte tenu des processus qui pesent sur le choix des decideurs, a revele l'existence de deux stratgies : la perpetuation de l'emprise et la modulation de la cooperation selon les etats du maghreb. La premiere est la consequence des conditions dans lesquelles s'est instauree la cooperation entre ces derniers et la france, conditions qui se resument dans l'octroi de l'independance en echange de "l'interdependance". Son execution impliquait la preservation des positions acquises et la creation de nouveaux instruments de domination. Concue pour servir avant tout les desseins du general de gaulle, la seconde strategie, quant a elle, se presente sous forme d'un mixte contradictoire : la france se verra, en effet, liee a l'algerie par une cooperation privilegiee et a ses deux voisins de l'est et de l'ouest par une cooperation subsidiaire. A partir de 1969, les dites strategies vont faire l'objet d'un reajustement en raison des mutations intervenues dans l'environnement interne de l'exmetropole (remise en cause de la cooperation et recession) et dans son environnement international (perturbation du contexte maghrebin et exigence du tiers-monde face aux pays developpes). Il en est resulte une double orientation : l'une positive concerne la disparition progressive des liens de substitution, l'abandon de l'ostracisme inflige au maroc et a la tunisie et l'engagement sur la voie d'une cooperation plus respectueuse de la souverainete du maghreb et plus adaptee a son developpement; l'autre negative a trait a la politique de restrictions adoptee a l'egard des partenaires maghrebins (reduction de l'aide, entraves commerciales et arret de l'immigration), au maintien du desequilibre culturel et a la renonciation aux relations privilegiees avec alger, refletee par la "banalisation" de la cooperation entre les deux pays sous les presidences de g. Pompidou et de v. G. D'estaing et par le refroidissement rapide du "coup de passion" franco-algerien consecutif a l'arrivee de la gauche au pouvoir en mai 1981.