Abstract EN:

Since the 60's turkey faces a heavy exodus and an uncontrolled urbanization and industrialization. With the economic crisis in the mid 70's, the political ideologies radicalize. The army, claiming that it is the protector of the Kemalist values, comes to the power. All the political parties are dissolved. The army who holds the executive and the legislative power, refers the question of a new constitution to the people (91,3% yes), on November 7th, 1982. The army progressively restores democracy. This democracy is formal only: restriction of the fundamental rights, particularly the political ones; banishment of the political leaders. The "fatherland party", whose existence was not really accepted by the militaries, dominates the political life and wins the legislative elections in 1983. It advocates the free enterprise economy. They still have the majority at the first and really free legislative elections in 1987, but loose the legislative elections in 1991. Then, for the first time in turkey a coalition between the right side (the fair voice party) and a social democratic party (the populist social democratic party) forms. So that the generals have restored democracy, they have not put an end to the crisis of the Kemalist principles, whose secularism is the key element.