L'ordre juridique public a l'epreuve de la vie : nature et modalites du controle politico-legal des technico-sciences biomedicales
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Université Pierre Mendès France (Grenoble)Disciplines:
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Abstract EN:
This study endeavours to describe the nature and methods of political and legal control of biomedical techno-sciences. The human body is an indicator since its transformation into a technical object has brought it to the attention of state authorities. The 1994 bio-ethical laws form the foundation of the analysis. The materialisation of the body with the functional desire for continously improving health have been translated into a collective need to place it in another symbolic reference system (part i). The law has enabled the body of the individual to be joined to the cultural and legal heritage represented by human rights. This undertaking is founded on alternatives which are variations of the fundamental paradigm of modern times - techno-sciences and democracy, techno-sciences and law, objects and subjects, things and persons. The examination of the legal control of the economic and technical bases of biology and medicine (part ii) has shown the impossibility of maintaining these alternatives unchanged. The law cannot in pratice restrict its action to within such dualistic and divisive limits. Obliged to control, the law has revealed the hybrid nature of the human body. To ensure that biology and medicine are controlled the law has introduced regulations which acknowledge the interactions between science and the law, between the object and the subject, etc. Bioethical law has been developed from the french model of relations between state and society. The methods of state intervention, the explicit admission of the interest of research and public health, and the recognition of the dignity of the human being have placed collective interest (represented by the state) at the heart of the relationship between individual and science. In other terms, those of values, it is less the individual but more the collectivity which has determined the extent of state intervention.
Abstract FR:
A partir des lois +bioethique; de 1994, cette etude s'efforce de mettre en evidence la nature et les modalites du controle politico-legal des techno-sciences biomedicales. Le corps humain sert de revelateur depuis que sa transformation en objet technique l'a verse du cote des preoccupations etatiques. A la materialisation du corps pris dans le reve fonctionnel d'une sante toujours plus grande repond le besoin collectif de le recentrer sur des reperes symboliques (i). Techniquement, l'ordre juridique public a permis de proceder a un raccordement du corps de l'individu a un patrimoine culturel et juridique qui est celui des droits de l'homme et de la personne humaine. Cette entreprise repose sur une serie d'alternatives qui ne sont que des declinaisons du paradigme fondateur de la modernite : techno, sciences/democratie, techno-sciences/droit, objets/sujets, choses/personnes. L'examen de la maitrise juridique de la base economique et technique des sciences de la vie (ii) montre l'impossibilite de maintenir ces alternatives en l'etat. L'ordre juridique est pratiquement conduit a situer son intervention hors de cet horizon dualiste et separateur. De facon pragmatique, pour s'assurer la maitrise des sciences de la vie, l'ordre juridique accueille des reglementations et des modalites de regulation qui prennent acte des interactions entre les techno-sciences et le droit, entre l'objet et le sujet, etc. Finalement, c'est conformement au modele francais des rapports entre l'etat et la societe que le droit de la bioethique a ete constitue. Les modalites de l'intervention de l'etat, la reconnaissance explicite de l'interet de la recherche et de la sante publique, la consecration de la dignite de la personne humaine, ont installe l'interet collectif (l'etat) au sein de l'interface individu/science. Dit autrement, d'un point de vue des valeurs, c'est moins l'individu que la collectivite des hommes qui a constitue la mesure de l'intervention etatique.