La lettre de garantie internationale
Institution:
Paris 1Disciplines:
Directors:
Abstract EN:
Most of these instruments are issued to be paid unconditionaly and on a demand of the foreign beneficiary. Also, it's issued by the local bank of the latter. These unconditional guarantees are often the subject of conflicting interests between importers and exporters. The importers (buyers) want an instrument and with that they can be cashed without contestation and without producing any documentation. This instrument places the importer in a powerful position, in the other way, the exporters (sellers) would prefer not to give third party guarantees at all. Payment on demand of guarantees sum given to the beneficiary the great security of getting the amount as like the cash deposit. Some characteristics are common between on first demand guarantees and the accessory guarantees, but they are different. The on first demand guarantees are dependent of the underlying contract, but the accessory guarantee depends on the principal obligation. The beneficiary of a simple demand guarantee has to demand payment -if it is not clairly fraudulent- without proving any conditions. Brively, on demand guarantees operate in a similar way a letters of credit and this bringing has useful consequences. The guarantor can refuse payment in the case of the fraudulent or abusive condut of the beneficiary. The i. C. C. Offers uniforms rulers for guarantees (brochurs no 325) but so far they have not been widely accepted.
Abstract FR:
Les garanties bancaires et specialement celles a premiere demande sont la creation de la pratique bancaire etrangere. Les contrats internationaux et les relations d'affaires internationales restent leur domaine de predilection. Recemment ces garanties se sont developpees pour obvier aux inconvenients du cautionnement. Celui-ci, meme solidaire demeure une surete de caractere accessoire, par consequent, la caution peut invoquer contre le creancier les moyens de defense dont dispose le debiteur principal. En revanche, le garant a premiere demande s'engage a payer entre les mains du beneficiaire sans contestation pour quelque motif que ce soit. Ce type de garantie independante dite aussi "abstraite" evoque une institution voisine eprouvee : le credit documentaire irrevocable. Comme lui, il traduit l'"internationalisation" des relations bancaires. Ce rapprochement entre les deux instruments est largement utile. La garantie independante offre une grande securite au beneficiaire. Celui-ci, face a une mauvaise execution du marche obtiendra le montant de la garantie a premiere demande de sa part. Les plus fervents partisans du respect absolu de l'engagement du banquier garant admettent qu'il n'y avait pas lieu a payer si l'appel etait manifestement frauduleux ou abusif. La chambre de commerce internationale a elabore des regles uniformes pour les garanties contractuelles (pub. No 325), souhaitant etablir un compromis mais elle s'arrete sur une formule hybride.