Structures et stratégies juridiques de l'entreprise multinationale" : situation présente et perspectives d'évolution
Institution:
Paris 2Disciplines:
Directors:
Abstract EN:
The "multinational enterprise" appears as a complex network of entities connected by equity and non-equity links which often are informal. Its unity is ensured by one center of decision; and the examination of its relations with states or private persons can give indication on its taking into account by national legal systems as well as on its subjection to some jurisdiction. Selecting various locations, it resorts to specific institutions which enable practices for the avoidance of restricting regulations. These are still basically national and very rarely include ad hoc legislation. Not only the establishment of the indicted fact and its qualification are hazardous, but the adopted measures often lead to paradoxical situations. The generally admitted solutions remain depending on the conception by states of their own interests. So, we are now heading towards an evaluation of objective prerequisites for international cooperation, which would permit the subjection of the "multinational enterprise" to regulation having universalist perspective. Regarding this subject antagonisms are numerous and are related to the scope of a casual code as well as to the facultative or compulsory character of the prescriptions of the latter. Nevertheless its is obvious that the enforcement of such code implies the enactment of a uniform law which would permit the linking of the "multinational enterprise" to the international community, as well as the setting up of an international body with a supranational character allowing an actual control. The conclusion of an agreement in this respect is not an easy matter for two reasons. First, the "multinational enterprise" has not a sufficiently-homogeneous character so that precise regulatory measures could be adopted by the states. Second, national legal systems are not affected only by juridical considerations but derive from various economical, political and social considerations.
Abstract FR:
L'"entreprise multinationale" se presente comme un complexe d'entites, reliees entre elles par un reseau de relations de nature contractuelle ou societaire, parfois informelles, dont l'unite se trouve assuree par un meme centre de decision. Et, seul l'examen des rapports qu'elle entretient avec des etats ou des personnes privees est susceptible de renseigner sur sa prise en compte par les droits nationaux, et son eventuel assujettissement a une juridiction quelconque. Arbitrant entre des lieux d'implantation divers, elle a recours a des institutions specifiques, qui rendent possibles des pratiques lui permettant d'eluder des dispositifs reglementaires contraignants. Ceux-ci demeurent resolument nationaux et ne comportent que rarement de legislation ad hoc. Non seulement la constatation du fait incrimine et sa qualification sont aleatoires, mais les mesures adoptees conduisent souvent a des situations aberrantes. Les solutions generalement admises demeurent tributaires de la conception que se font les etats de leurs interets bien compris. Aussi, est-ce vers une evaluation des conditions objectives d'une cooperation internationale que l'on s'oriente, laquelle permettrait d'assujettir l'"entreprise multinationale" a un dispositif reglementaire a vocation universaliste. Les divergences a cet egard sont nombreuses et concernent tout aussi bien la sphere d'application d'un code eventuel que le caractere- facultatif ou obli- gatoire- de ses prescriptions. Il est cependant manifeste que la mise en application de celui-ci postule l'elaboration d'une loi uniforme qui permettrait le rattachement de l'"entreprise multinationale" a la communaute internationale, ainsi que la creation d'un organisme supra- national de controle. La realisation d'un accord en ce sens n'est pas aisee. D'une part l'"entreprise multinationale" ne presente pas de caractere suffisamment homogene pour qu'un dispositif precis emporte l'adhesion des etats, d'autre part les droits nationaux ne procedent pas que de considerations juridiques, mais traduisent plutot des conceptions economiques, politiques et sociales diverse