Le droit d'urgence et la théorie de l'exception dans les Philippiques de Cicéron
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Abstract EN:
Caesar's monarchy made possible an evolution toward the end of the republican form of government. The dictator's assassination thwarted it. Antony's attempts were crossed by cicero's purpose as expressed in the philippics of restoring republican institutions and reducing to nothing monarchical experiments which consisted in making new rules. Caesar's and antony's acts opposed republican laws. The violation of laws and senatus consulta by magistrates' material acts would bring about the state of emergency which left laws in abeyance. Private endeavours by virtue of exceptional legislation did substitute material authorities for competent legal authorities in order to restore previous legal order. The roman senate confirmed them. Emergency legislation would ratify exceptional endeavours. The gist of exceptional legislation is divine though its manifestations be personal. Emergency senatorial decrees were arranged in a pyramidal hierarchy of rules according to their specific effects. Repression was based upon the concord of citizens and on the authority of the consular that would possess the uppermost dignity. Cicero identified himself to the latter.
Abstract FR:
La monarchie julienne creait les conditions d'une evolution vers l'extinction du regime republicain. L'assassinat du dictateur la remet en cause. Les tentatives d'antoine sont contrecarrees par la volonte ciceronienne exprimee dans les philippiques de restaurer les insitutions republicaines et d'aneantir les experiences normatives monarchiques. Les actes de cesar et d'antoine s'opposent a la legalite republicaine. La violation de la loi et du senatus consulte par des actes de gouvernement induisent l'etat d'urgence qui suspend la legislation ordinaire. Des initiatives privees du droit de l'exception substituent a l'autorite legitime competente une autorite de fait pour restaurer l'ordre juridique anterieur. Le senat les confirme, le droit d'urgence ratifiant des initiatives du droit de l'exception, qui est divin dans son essence et personnel dans sa manifestation. Les decrets d'urgence sont disposes hierarchiquement dans une pyramide normative selon leur effet specifique. La reaction s'appuie sur la concorde des citoyens et l'autorite du consulaire detenant la dignite supreme auquel ciceron s'identifie.