Responsabilité civile du banquier dispensateur de crédit à une entreprise en difficulté
Institution:
Paris 2Disciplines:
Directors:
Abstract EN:
In an equitable (fair) distribution of the social loss in case of the failure of an enterprise, the imprudence of a banker which presents himself as a professional lender, no more as an abstractly considered creditor, equal to other creditors, is subjected to a more severe reproach and incurs the liability not only for having accorded a credit in violation of a statutory or contractual provision, but also for having financed a hopeless exploitation in the red by an economically unwise credit and keeping artificially alive an enterprise in an irremediably broken down situation. It is not permitted to the banker to put it on to the guarantor in order to lude the charge of the loss produced by his faulty credit. In countries where the rule of the civil liability (tort) is rigid, the securities to guarantee the banker's credit can be declared null and void as a sanction for his fault in the credit operation. The trustee in bankruptcy who is qualified to represent in the same act the bankrupt as well as the interest of the creditors has the power to bring an action against a third party (e. G. Banker), were he himself a creditor, in order to reconstitute the estate of the bankrupt during the bankruptcy proceeding. The creditors can sue the faulty banker individually, out of the bankruptcy proceeding, for the damages particular to him or for his portion of the damage commun to all the creditors which the trustee in bankruptcy have not sued for. A creditor's preferential right on the bankrupt's estate may naturally be exercised on the amount that the banker has to pay in reconstitution of the same estate. And the debt of the banker to pay the damages for the reconstitution of the bankrupt's estate is reciprocal with his right to receive the refund of his credit from the same estate.
Abstract FR:
Dans la distribution equitable de la perte sociale a l'occasion de la defaillance d'une entreprise, l'imprudence du banquier qui se presente ici sous les traits d'un creancier professionnel, non plus d'un creancier abstrait comme les autres, se soumet a un reproche plus severe et il peut encourir la responsabilite non seulement pour avoir accorde un credit en violation d'une regle legale ou contractuelle, mais aussi pour avoir finance l'exploitation deficitaire par un credit economiquement inopportun et en prolongeant sous l'apparence trompeuse de solvabilite une survie artificielle d'une entreprise en situation irremediablement compromise. Il n'est pas permis au banquier de se retourner a la caution pour se soustraire a la charge de la perte cause par son credit fautif. Dans des pays ou la regle de la responsabilite civile est rigide, l'action en nullite de la surete constituee pour garantir le remboursement du credit sanctionne la faute que le banquier a commise dans l'operation du credit. Les mandataires judiciaires qui ont la qualite pour representer dans un meme acte le debiteur defaillant aussi bien que l'interet des creanciers peut exercer l'action contre un tiers (banquier), fut-il lui-meme creancier, pour reconstituer le patrimoine du debiteur pendant la procedure collective. Les creanciers peuvent individuellement demander a l'exterieur de la procedure collective des dommages-interets au banquier fautif pour reparer le prejudice distinct ou sa part du prejudice commun a tous les creanciers que les mandataires judiciaires n'ont pas invoque. Les privileges sur le patrimoine du debiteur s'exercent naturellement sur la somme que le banquier est condamne a payer pour reconstituer le meme patrimoine. Et la dette du banquier de payer de dommages-interets pour reconstituer le patrimoine du debiteur est reciproque avec sa creance sur ce meme patrimoine.