Vers un droit des accidents : contribution à l'étude du report de la responsabilité civile sur l'assurance privée
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Abstract EN:
Technological development leads necessary to the growth of accident's sources - traffic, work, defective products or medical activities. . . Meanwhile, there is no general and legal answer to this phenomenon, for lack of concept of accident. This thesis surveys the ways of building up a real law of concept of thanks to private insurance, transcending its classical analysis by the terms of civil liability. The transfer of the function of compensation, as it has been stated in these last rules, doesn't only mean overstepping subjective responsability or specializing its rules, often leading to a real dispersion. Channeling the victim's rights towards insurance also implies a better reliability from the latter, through the choice of first party insurance, the development from the agreements, and the improvement of compromises with victims. Modernization is not only a vital question for private insurance, face to face with public alternatives. It could also justify - in part - the transfer of the punitive function from civil liability. Examples include the assessment of risks, the modulation of premium according to the damages, or private penalties imposed by insurance. But they do not prevent court sanctions of qualified faults, on the request of the insurer, and they may lead to new excess.
Abstract FR:
Le developpement technologique rend desormais inevitable la multiplication des sources d'accidents, de la circulation, du travail, de la consommation ou therapeutiques. Il n'existe cependant aucune reponse juridique d'ensemble au phenomene accidentel, faute de conceptualisation de l'accident. La these s'interroge sur la possibilite pour l'assurance privee de contribuer a la structuration d'un veritable droit des accidents, en depassant son analyse classique selon les regles de la responsabilite civile. Le report de la fonction d'indemnisation assumee par ces dernieres ne justifie pas seulement le depassement de la responsabilite subjective ou l'ediction de regimes speciaux trop souvent morceles. La canalisation de la creance de reparation sur l'assurance impose egalement une meilleure fiabilite de cette derniere, par choix d'une assurance directe, le developpement de conventions inter-compagnies ou l'encadrement des transactions. Cette modernisation, vitale pour l'assurance privee confrontee a des modeles publics de collectivisation des risques, legitimerait alors un report partiel de la fonction repressive de la responsabilite civile. La tarification des risques, la modulation des primes selon la sinistralite ou les peines privees de l'assurance en sont des exemples, qui n'excluent pas le recours judiciaire a la sanction de fautes qualifiees sur initiative assurantielle (et l'instauration consecutive de franchises ou decouverts)