Le traitement juridique des biotechnologies végétales
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Abstract EN:
This thesis proposes to identify and define the legal protection devices relating to biotechnological innovations in the field of plant varieties. Molecular biology having opened the way for genetic combination, plant creation can partly be performed without the help of classical selection techniques. Having mastered genetic materials enables plants to improve, which may widen their use in the domain of food as well as in those of medicine or energy. In this respect, their development and success are dependent on the adoption of a suitable protection system for innovations. As a novelty in intellectual property, genetic engineering cannot be satisfied with plant patents. Demanded by manufacturers, the main investors in biotechnology, utility patents are gaining ground, despite some opposition as to their application in the field of biology. A first analysis leads to the patentability of genetically engineered material and of its components within the scope of plant patent rights which have to be upheld. The recognition of double innovation within the same plant variety through biomolecular operation and interbreeding involves a strict establishing of the materials and processes used for the appropriate protection system to be applied. Under these conditions can the interaction of both intellectual property-rights systems be considered. Although it is focused on the european context, this thesis also compares it with the american system. Moreover, ethical , economical and environmental dimensions are part of the reflexion, as they condition the efficiency of legal reasoning
Abstract FR:
La presente these se propose d'identifier et de definir les modalites de protection juridique afferentes a l'innovation biotechnologique vegetale. La biologie moleculaire ayant ouvert la voie aux recombinaisons genetiques, la creation varietale s'affranchit partiellement des techniques de selection classiques. La maitrise du materiel genetique autorise un perfectionnement de l'outil vegetal susceptible d'en elargir les applications, tant sur le plan agro-alimentaire que pharmaceutique ou energetique. Dans cette perspective, l'adoption d'un regime de protection de l'innovation adequat conditionne le developpement et le succes de la filiere des plantes transgeniques. Objet nouveau de la propriete industrielle, le genie genetique ne peut se satisfaire du certificat d'obtention vegetale. Revendique par les industriels, premiers investisseurs en biotechnologie, le brevet d'invention s'affirme malgre les oppositions manifestees a l'encontre de son application en matiere biologique. Une premiere analyse permet de conclure a la brevetabilite du genie genetique et de ses composants, dans la limite definie par le droit d'obtention vegetale dont le maintien s'impose. La reconnaissance au sein de la variete vegetale d'une double innovation, par intervention biomoleculaire et recombinaison sexuee classique, exige ensuite une determination stricte ds materiels et procedes vises pour l'application du regime de protection approprie. A cette condition, l'interface des systemes de propriete industrielle consideres peut etre envisagee. Centree sur le cadre europeen, l'etude opere egalement une comparaison avec le dispositif americain. En outre, les dimensions ethique, economique et environnementaliste sont integrees, tant elles conditionnent l'efficacite du raisonnement juridique.