Le statut de la pluriactivité en droit social
Institution:
Aix-Marseille 3Disciplines:
Directors:
Abstract EN:
Multiple employment ; may be defined as the performance of several types of work by the same person often called "having a sideline" or "moonlighting. ; at one time controversial and not very highly regarded, recently it is becoming an integral part of full employment policies. This has given it a new legitimacy, in addition to its legal principles. In the agricultural communities where this sort of practice began, it especially helps combat rural depopulation. In an urban environment, it provides a supplemental income, or an alternative and more stable employment. Multiple employment has obviously become more common as job stability has decreased. But multiple employment also plays an important role in competition. Some farmers are true entrepreneurs. Multiple employment also helps people improve their skills and knowledge, gives them more work experience and helps them prepare themselves for a career change, as may be seen with those people who either perform the same job under a different status, or perform a second job according te their expertise. Therefore, traditional barriers to multiple employment or having a + sideline ; are disappearing. However, multiple employment remains limited because of loyalty issues and the legal restrictions to working more than the number of hours legally allowed per week as an employee not to mention incompatibilities with work codes. Yet, labor laws and social security were established with typical work in mind. It is with social security law that the effort te change is most noticeable. The dual plan that permitted several affiliations and contributions at once in exchange for benefits from the main job is becoming less common. Now more commonly the worker is partially or totally covered by the main job from a legal standpoint and contributes proportionally according te the amount of work performed. Nevertheless, only a few modifications te labor laws have been effected. Therefore, the undefined status of multiple employment tends te encourage undeclared work. The laws must be changed for employees with several employers as well as seasonal workers so ensure that laws that promote multiple employment are effective
Abstract FR:
La pluriactivite designe l'exercice par une meme personne physique de plusieurs activites professionnelles. Autrefois marginalisee et controversee, elle s'integre dans les politiques les plus recentes d'aide a l'emploi. Cela lui confere une nouvelle legitimite, en plus de sa liceite de principe. Elle traverse toutes les categories socioprofessionnelles. Dans le monde rural, son berceau, elle permet surtout de lutter contre la desertification. En milieu urbain, elle assure un revenu de complement ou de substitution et une stabilisation de l'emploi. Cette pluriactivite de necessite augmente proportionnellement au volume des emplois precaires. Mais la pluriactivite est aussi un facteur de competitivite. Certains exploitants agricoles se comportent en veritables entrepreneurs. La pluriactivite permet aussi de parfaire ses connaissances, son experience, de s'assurer une conversion professionnelle, comme l'attestent ceux qui exercent soit la meme profession sous des statuts differents, soit une seconde activite ressortissant des competences. En consequence, les obstacles traditionnels a son exercice s'estompent toutefois, la pluriactivite reste limitee par l'obligation de loyaute et l'interdiction de depasser la duree maximale du travail quand une des activites est salariee et certaines deontologies instituent des incompatibilites. Mais il s'etablit surtout un statut de la pluriactivite afin d'assurer des droits et obligations equivalents entre pluriactifs et monoactifs. Or, le droit du travail et de la securite sociale sont etablis sur le modele du travail typique. C'est en droit de la securite sociale que l'effort de construction est le plus marque : le regime dual impliquant un cumul d'affiliations et de cotisations en contrepartie des seules prestations de l'activite principale s'efface au profit d'un rattachement total ou partiel au regime juridique de l'une des activites, tandis que les cotisations sont proportionnelles a l'importance des activites. Cependant, seuls quelques amenagements sont intervenus en droit du travail. Or, l'inachevement du statut de la pluriactivite favorise le travail dissimule. Il faut notamment adapter le droit commun aux salaries a employeurs multiples et aux saisonniers et s'assurer que les textes favorisant la pluriactivite seront suivis d'effets