Le developpement regional au panama : de la participation populaire a la centralisation
Institution:
Toulouse 2Disciplines:
Directors:
Abstract EN:
In which wah is it possible to actually associate the panamean experience of the panamean experience of the so called popular power, from 1968 till today, with a national development model based upon regional decentralisation? could we then say that its experience in popular participation to national development matters could be of any help towards the carrying out of a development model allowing panama to si multaneously face both problems of external debt and of setting up the required conditions for a national development scheme ? through a reminder of both geographical location and economical and social history of panama, we show how a main crisis from the liberal managing system actually induced the 1968's coup, lead by general torrijos and settling the popular power. We analyse its sources and nature as well as measure its ambitions, as we frame our working conditions by revealing serious information and datas problems. Then, we use the chiriqui province as terms of references for our study, caracterizing its contrasts and analysing its social and economical trend of evolution. In this process, we meet with two types of development schemes that oppose each other : on a first hand, a traditionnaly centralised and, however contradictory, liberal type of sectorial management of the national development cheme; on another hand, a spatial and popular management of the economical sectors within the national reality. In other words, we are facing up a traditional development scheme directly issued from historical background and foreign interests with a new approach towards development regarding panamean people's needs. Therefore, the point in which both vertical and horizontal concepts of planning could eventually meet each other, relies upon the acting of the ministry of planning as well as of the international organisations helping it out in its tasks, and on both of their specific structures. Planning in the chiriqui province from 1982 to 1985 is a good example of what results can provide this association. In this specific type of action, undp plays a main part in the creation and put on to practice of the new regional development planning model based upon popular participation. Howwever, as contradictory as it might seem, undp also plays a main part in setting up the return of a liberal and totally centralised.
Abstract FR:
Peut-on associer, ou non, le pouvoir populaire a panama, de 1968 a nos jours, a un modele de developpement decentralise sur des bases regionales? son experience participative peut-elle contribuer a la construction d'un modele de developpement qui permette d'affronter simultanement les problemes de l'endettement et de la mise en place des conditions requises pour le developpement national? la situation geographique et l'histoire economique et sociale de panama, permettent de presenter comment une crise du liberalisme a entraine le coup d'etat de 1968, l'avenement de torrijos et du pouvoir populaire. Nous analysons leur nature et mesurons la portee de leurs ambitions, en definissant le cadre de notre etude et les difficultes de l'information. Prenant la province du chiriqui comme cadre de references, nous caracterisons ses contrastes et ses desequilibres et analysons son evolution sociale et economique. Cette evolution oppose d'un cote, une gestion sectorielle et liberale de l'espace national (traditionnellement centralisee), et de l'autre, une gestion spatiale et populaire des secteurs dans l'espace national. Le point de rencontre entre ces facettes verticale et horizontale de la planification nationale, depend de l'action du ministere de la planification, des organisations internationales et de leurs structures. Nous en etudions le fonctionnement dans le chiriqui. Au coeur de cette action, le programme des nations unies, pour le developpement joue d'abord un role essentiel dans la creation et le fonctionnement du modele de planification regionale, puis, paradoxalement, participe a la definition d'une politique centralisee et liberale. Il met en oeuvre une etude du seuil de pauvrete critique qui etablit les bases d'un programme national conforme aux nouvelles orientations imposees par les creanciers du pays. Cette derive a conduit le pnud a refuser de cautionner le projet, une fois acheve. Quel est le sens de ces comportements et de cette evolution? finalement, en caracterisant les rapports de forces qui animent le pays, et ce qu'ils representent, nosu envisageons les perspectives de panama dans le cadre du systeme international qui conditionne son developpement national.