Hegel et les materialistes francais du dix-huitieme siecle
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Abstract EN:
Contrary to certain interpretation or certain prejudices hegel's idealism never prevented him from knowing, sometimes praising and analysing the french 18 th century materialists as can be seen from the texts of iena and the courses of berlin. If they are put in relation with their time, they assert the absolute rights of free and finite thinking, performing the luther's reform. Moreover hegel'interpretation of la mettrie, d'holbach and helvetius shows he made use of three ways of interpreting materialism: as the result of self awareness, or as consequence of empiricism, or as the accomplishment of the thought of spinoza. The three ways of interpreting indicate his interest and a certain degree of difficulty, which is visible in his silence about diderot and his praise of robinet. D'holbach's materialism and atheism receive a speculative justification as a philosophy of the finite and the utility expressely asked for as witness of the movement of self contradiction of the religious and metaphysical thinking of his time. Hegel, with his criticisms of religious sentimentalism and the thinking of the enlightment shows this atheist materialism was necessary but, in the same way, superseded as unusable by a later materialism and atheism.
Abstract FR:
Contrairement a certaines interpretations ou a certains prejuges, l'idealisme de hegel ne l'a pas empeche de connaitre, de louer parfois et d'analyser les materialistes francais du dix-huitieme siecle, comme le montrent les textes de iena et les lecons de berlin : mis en rapport avec leur epoque, ils affirment les droits absolus de la pensee libre et finie, accomplissant la reforme de luther. De plus, la lecture hegelienne de la mettrie, d'holbach et helvetius montre que trois schemas interpretatifs ont ete mobilises : le materialisme comme resultat de la conscience de soi, ou comme consequence de l'empirisme, ou comme accomplissement du spinozisme, manifestant un interet et un embarras, visible dans le silence sur diderot et l'eloge de robinet. Le materialisme athee de d'holbach recoit, grace a hegel, une justification speculative, comme philosophie de la finitude et de l'utilite revendiquees expressement, si on la saisit comme temoin du mouvement d'autocontradiction de la pensee religieuse et metaphysique de son temps. Le hegelianisme, par sa critique du sentimentalisme religieux et de la pensee d'entendement des lumieres montre que le materialisme athee fut, a sa facon, necessaire, mais du meme coup, se trouve depasse et inutilisable pour un materialisme et un atheisme ulterieurs.