La naissance de la grammaire dans l'Antiquité grecque
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Abstract EN:
My research begins with a well-known fact : the late emergence (as compared to that of philosophical conceptuality) of grammar as a discipline in its own right. My first aim was to indicate how platonism, aristotelism, and stoicism might be taken to correspond to successive versions of one and the same "linguistic blockage", which can be traced back to the ir common apophantic project. It was therefore my task to determine how the linguistic analyses carried out in these three philosophical schools are related to the normative project they share, which aims at the constitution (with maximum determination) of a correct statement; and to ascertain that concepts which we consider to be grammatical (such as the parts of a statement, or the cases) develop out of logic, which in its turn appears to be deeply linked to the theory of knowledge. I then turned my attention to the grammarians' approach of the question, exploring the surviving works of apollonius dyscolos, the techne grammatike ascribed to dionysus thrax as well as the material provided by its scholiasts, and choeroboscus, in order to find out whether certain epistemic configurati ons, characteristic of apophantic philosophy, were still underlying the analyses which took place within the now autonom ous field of grammar. It then seemed to me that the following points deserved to be stressed : - not only are the order of the merismos and the characteristics of the various sentence-parts grounded in the sequence of stoic categories, but grammatical sentence-theory itself turns out to be heir to the philosophers' discussion of maximum determination stateme nt-completeness; - finally, the grammatical concepts of diathesis and prosopon, which are essential to this economy of significations, maintain an unbreakable link between the statement and its stating, thereby inheriting the function whic h sunkatathesis fulfills within the stoic theory of knowledge.
Abstract FR:
A partir d'un constat - le caractere tardif, par rapport a la conceptualite philosophique, de la constitution de la grammaire comme discipline separee -, j'ai travaille tout d'abord a montrer comment les trois philosophies platonicienne , aristotelicienne et stoicienne correspondaient aux trois versions successives d'un meme "blocage linguistique", correlatif du programme apophantique commun qui les reunissait. J'ai alors etudie comment les analyses linguistiques qui figuraient dans ces philosophies dependaient du projet normatif de la constitution d'un enonce correct; comment des concepts pour nous grammaticaux - par exemple les parties de l'enonce ou le cas - s'enracinaient dans une logique solid aire de la theorie de la connaissance. Apres avoir tente de cerner la grammaire des grammairiens, tributaire de l'emerge nce de la philologie, j'ai ensuite recherche dans les oeuvres qui nous restent d'apollonius dyscole, dans la techne grammatike attribuee a denys le thrace, dans les nombreuses scholies qui la commentent ainsi que dans le temoignage de choeroboscos, si des configurations epistemiques propres a la philosophie apophantique se poursuivaient dans les analyse s grammaticales, alors que la grammaire se trouvait constituee en discipline autonome. J'ai alors remarque comment l'ord re du merismos et les caracteristiques des parties de phrase reprenaient l'ordre des categories stoiciennes, comme la phrase elle-meme l'enjeu d'un enonce complet, a la determination maximale; comment enfin les concepts de diathese et de personne, essentiels a cet ordre des signifies, maintenaient entre enonce et enonciation une liaison indissoluble, qui r eprenait la fonction gnoseologique de l'assentiment stoicien.