Abstract EN:

After a statement on the historical evolution of the notion of utopia being part of a literary current until the i8th century, then belonging to a sociopolitical one aiming at the elaboration of a fairer and more fraternal society in process of formation in history (despite of dystopia, its contrary), it is studied how tzara and breton took part in this utopian current throughout their lige and their work. Having rejoined simultaneously dadaism, whose individualist and strongly negative trends rather link it up to the dystopian current, breton and tzara, the latter after a quite short mystic and universalist period which was nevertheless essential for him from the poetical point of view, try to bring the revolution of poetical language, the study of is unconscious roots with the help of the automatic writing and the interpretation of dreams, together with the utopian and socialist current in the first half of the 20 th century, embodied by the russian revolution in 1917 and the communist party in france. Tzara will remain in the orthodox line of that party at least until 1956, getting more and more apart from surrealism whose esoterical aspects seem contestable to him. The utopian current in breton's thought, who rapidly left the communist party, will pass through an esoterical period, during which he will try to associate revolution and magic, surrealism and occultism in order to reveal human fate. Then he will join the "mondialist" movement, and will larer draw nearer to the anarchist currents; he will finally discover in charles fourier's work the coincidence with his owm aspirations to a wold in which evil would disappear thanks to the social integration of human passions. The utopian tension will shade off at the end of breton's life.