thesis

La presence francaise et britannique de 1838 a 1850 dans le proche-orient ottoman : echanges et influences

Defense date:

Jan. 1, 1995

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Abstract EN:

Our study of the relations between the two main powers of xestern europe and the near eastern part of the ottoman empire (from contempory turkey to egypt) begins with the conclusion of the treaty iof balta limani. This treaty signed with great-britainb, and the with france, in 1838, establishes a new legal frame, making therefore easier commercial exchanges, in full growth, and impeding local attempts towards industrialization, peculiarly in egypt. Western penetration rests upon "levantine" communites, enjoying very often the juridical protection of the consuls, which international agreements (the famous "capitulations") bestowed on french and british nationals, despite the ottomans' efforts to restrain these excesses. These privileged classes of interlediaires join together the christians and jews of europe and their coreligionists of the near east, concerned with the activities of catholic and portestant missionaries and jewish trave ers innthe fields of education, charity, and religious teachings. Besides their economic successes, the europeans acquire in this way a considerable influence on local society and mentalities, except on muslims. The question of ottoman sovereignty and its integrity becomes more and more acute. Though all european representatives acknowledge it in principle, they often contest it in everyday issues. Their grievances about corruption, incapacity and "fanatism" prepare some interferences, especially in relation with the suez canal project.

Abstract FR:

Notre etude des relations entre les deux principales puissances de l'europe occidentale et la partie proche-oorientale de l'empire ottoman (de la turquie a l'egypte actuelles) commence avec la conclusion du traite de commerce de balta limani. Ce traite signe avec la grande-bretagne, puis la france,en 1838, a fixe un nouveau cadre juridique et facilite ainsi des echanges commerciaux en pleine croissance, sapant les efforts locaux d'industrialisation, en particulier en egypte. La penetration occidentale s'appuie sur des communautes "levantines", qui jouissent souvent de la protection juridique des consuls, que les accords internationaux (les fameuses "capitulations") destinaient aux nationaux francais ou anglais, nonobstant les efforts des ottomans pour limiter ces abus. Ces couches privilegiees d'intermediaires constitutent un relais entre les chretiens et les juifs d'europe et l'ensemble de leurs coreligionnaires du proche-orient, auxquels s'adressent les oeuvres de charite, d'enseignement ou d'apostolat des missionnaires catholiques ou protestants ou de voyageyrs juifs. Apres leur succes sur le plan economique, les occidentaux acquierent ainsi une influence considerable sur la societe et les mentalites locales, sauf aupres des musulmans. La question du maintien de la souverainete ottomante se pose donc avec acuite. Tous les representants europeens la reconnaissent dans le principe, mais la contestent souvent dans son exercice quotidien.