Abstract EN:

Lebanon is located in the Middle East area, in the cross-roads of the civilizations, whereby on his littoral are located a chain of mountains (The Mount Lebanon and the Anti-Lebanon), forming a fertile passage between Europe and Africa. This forced passage whereby passed through merchant caravans, invasions, and exchanges between several countries, Lebanon was apt, and since the first formed civilizations, to compound with regional forces and at the same time, to serve as a shelter, in this sanctuary formed by the mountains of Mount Lebanon, for any oppressed social group, whether ethnic, cultural, or religious. Since the nineteen century, the Mount Lebanon implements a confessional administrative regime. In fact, Druze and Maronite that form the two communities of the mountain, shared the governance of the “princedom” under the so-called regime of “Moutassarifiah”. On 1920, the Big-Lebanon was born. Since that period, there were many communities that lived together in this young country. The Lebanese people remain under the French mandate until year 1943. During that year, the Lebanese people thought that the time came to be detached from the French tutelary. Hence, the men of independence will install in place a model of governance whereas several communities will share the command and the administration by mean of a social pact that bind together the multiconfessional system. But this system seemed to be a fragile one as time passed. The interest of each community will, a little by little, impede the cohabitation. The national pact will weaken and will crumble until it will explode on year 1975, the date that marked the beginning of war which ended on 1990.