Abstract EN:

The complexity of the Basque issue quickly becomes apparent to the eyes of the researcher eager to understand it : the Pyrenean mountains, which divide the Basque Country into two politically distinct territories, don't constitute a purely arbitrary border, the fruit of the quirks of History. . . At the dawn of the third millennium, camped out on their respective side, the two communities observe each other, without always understanding each other, although there tend to be more and more examples of cross-border cooperation nowadays within the context of the developing European Union. The Basque people are a race, i. E. A human type defined by lasting characteristics which are passed down from generation to generation. The origin of their sense of identity, at last at its very beginning, is rooted in a heightened awareness of the inherent differences within the ethnic group. This feeling translates itself into a strong desire to keep their basic characteristics faced with any vague attempts of external domination. Yet, the Northern Basque people seem to be better integrated into the heart of the French Nation in spite of the regular disagreements with Paris particularly because of economic difficulties in the region. On the other hand, their Southern brothers in their overwhelming majority have rejected the supervision imposed by Spain, even turning to armed conflict against any symbol of "occupation" of Euzkadi by Madrid. How is it possible to explain so contrasted realities within a single nation ? Political History certainly but also Geography, both physical and human, Economy, Culture and Religion allow to outline an answer. . .