Conséquences de l'oxydation haute température sur l'injection de défauts et le comportement mécanique des matériaux métalliques
Institution:
Toulouse, INPTDisciplines:
Directors:
Abstract EN:
The aim of this work is to account for the effects of the high temperature oxidation of metals on their microstructure and their mechanical properties. "Model" materials like pure nickel, pure iron and the Ni-20Cr alloy are studied. Nickel foils have been oxidised at 1000ʿC on one side only in laboratory air, the other side being protected from oxidation by a reducing atmosphere. After the oxidation treatment, the unoxidised face was carefully examined by using an Atomic Force Microscope (AFM). Grain boundaries grooves were characterised and their depth were compared to the ones obtained on the same sample heat treated in the reducing atmosphere during the same time. They are found to be much deeper in the case of the single side oxidised samples. It is shown that this additional grooving is directly linked to the growth of the oxide scale on the opposite side and that it can be explained by the diffusion of the vacancies produced at the oxide scale - metal interface, across the entire sample through grain boundaries. Moreover, the comparison between single side oxidised samples and samples oxidised on both sides points out that voids in grain boundaries are only observed in this latter case proving the vacancies condensation in the metal when the two faces are oxidised. The role of the carbon content and the sample's geometry on this phenomemon is examined in detail. The diffusion of vacancies is coupled with the transport of oxygen so that a mechanism of oxygen transport by vacancies is suggested. The tensile tests realised at room temperature on nickel foils (bamboo microstructure) show that the oxide scale can constitute a barrier to the emergence of dislocations at the metal surface. Finally, the Ni-20Cr alloy is tested in tensile and creep tests between 25 and 825ʿC in oxidising or reducing atmospheres.
Abstract FR:
L'objet de ce travail est de rendre compte de l'effet de l'oxydation haute température de matériaux métalliques à la fois sur leur évolution microstructurale ainsi que sur leur comportement mécanique. Des matériaux modèles comme le nickel, le fer et l'alliage Ni-20Cr sont étudiés. L'analyse de la microsturcture d'échantillons de nickel minces oxydés à 1000°C montre que les lacunes métalliques injectées au cours de la croissance cationique de l'oxyde (NiO) peuvent diffuser sur de grandes distances via les joints de grains du métal. Cette diffusion est accompagnée par celle d'oxygène si bien qu'un mécanisme de transport de l'oxygène par les lacunes est proposé. Les essais de traction menés à la température ambiante sur du nickel de structure bambou montrent que la couche d'oxyde constitue une barrière à l'émergence des dislocations, conduisant à un durcissement du métal. L'alliage Ni-20Cr est quant à lui testé en traction et en fluage entre 25 et 825°C sous atmosphère contrôlée.